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Technical Knowledge Hub
Technical Resources for Machine Safety & Industrial Sensing
Main Topics
- Machine Safety & Standards
- Safety Light Curtains
- Safety Laser Scanners
- Safety Relays & Control
- Industrial 2D LiDAR
- Applications & Automation
Featured Guides
Start with the Core Technical Guides
ISO 13849 Performance Level (PL a–e): A Practical Guide to Machine Safety
Understand PL, PLr, PFH, Category, MTTFd, DCavg, CCF, PL versus SIL, IEC 61496 Type classes, verification, validation and the major changes introduced in ISO 13849-1:2023.
- ISO 13849-1:2023
- PL & PLr
- PL vs SIL
- SISTEMA
- Verification & Validation
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Standards Guide
Functional Safety Standards: ISO 13849, IEC 62061 & IEC 61508
A broader view of the principal functional-safety frameworks used for machinery and safety-related control systems.
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Safety Control Architecture
Safety Relay vs Safety PLC: A Risk-First Selection Guide
Compare fixed hardwired safety logic with programmable safety control and understand when system complexity justifies each approach.
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Safety Light Curtains
Type 4 Safety Light Curtain Guide: Standards & Selection
Understand Type 4 device capability, its relationship with PL and SIL, and how the light curtain fits into the complete machine safety function.
Browse by Topic
Explore the Knowledge Library by Engineering Topic
Technical resources are organised around the engineering problem being solved rather than around individual product names.
Machine Safety & Standards
Guidance on machinery risk reduction, Performance Level, safety-related control systems and the standards used to design, position and validate protective measures.
- ISO 13849
- ISO 13855
- ISO 13850
- IEC 62061
- Risk Assessment
- Machine Guarding
Safety Light Curtains
Articles covering Type selection, resolution, protection height, safety distance, blanking, control integration and practical machine-guarding applications.
- Type 2 vs Type 4
- Resolution
- Protection Height
- Safety Distance
- Blanking
- Integration
Safety Laser Scanners
Technical guidance for configurable protective fields, area safeguarding, AGV and AMR safety, access protection and scanner integration.
- Protective Fields
- AGV / AMR
- Area Guarding
- Warning Fields
- Scanner Selection
Safety Relays & Control Architecture
Understand how safety relays, programmable safety controllers, reset circuits, monitoring functions and safety-related outputs fit into the complete control-system safety function.
- Safety Relay vs PLC
- Reset
- EDM
- PL / SIL
- Control Architecture
Industrial 2D LiDAR
Practical resources covering industrial 2D LiDAR principles, switching outputs, raw scan data, navigation, positioning and interactive sensing applications.
- 2D LiDAR
- Raw Data
- Ethernet / UDP
- AGV Navigation
- Positioning
- Interactive Sensing
Applications & Industrial Automation
Application-focused guidance for robot cells, presses, packaging machinery, material handling, AGVs, overhead cranes and other automated equipment.
- Robot Cells
- Press Machines
- Packaging
- Material Handling
- AGV / AMR
- Overhead Cranes
Latest Articles
Latest Technical Articles
Recently published and updated articles on machine safety, protective devices, functional safety, industrial sensing and automation applications.
Standards & Compliance
Core Machinery Safety Standards in the Resource Library
Many machine-safety decisions depend on several standards working together. These are some of the principal standards referenced throughout the technical library.
01
Safety-Related Control Systems
ISO 13849-1
Covers the design and evaluation of safety-related parts of machine control systems, including Performance Level, required PL, Category, MTTFd, diagnostic coverage, common-cause failure and related reliability concepts.
Read the ISO 13849 Performance Level guide →
02
Safeguard Positioning
ISO 13855
Provides principles for positioning safeguards with respect to the approach of the human body, including safety-distance considerations used when locating electro-sensitive protective equipment around hazardous machinery.
03
Electro-Sensitive Protective Equipment
IEC 61496
Defines requirements for electro-sensitive protective equipment used for machinery safeguarding and provides the framework for device Type classifications and technology-specific requirements.
04
Functional Safety of Machinery
IEC 62061
Addresses the functional safety of safety-related control systems for machinery and uses Safety Integrity Level concepts for the design and evaluation of safety functions.
05
Emergency Stop
ISO 13850
Specifies functional principles for emergency-stop functions on machinery, including their purpose, operating principles and relationship with other protective measures.
Engineering Tools
Practical Tools for Selection and Machine-Safety Calculations
Use these focused engineering tools to support early-stage safeguard positioning and safety light curtain model selection.
01
Machine Safety Calculation
ISO 13855 Safety Distance Calculator
Calculate a preliminary minimum safety distance for electro-sensitive protective equipment using the ISO 13855:2024 approach and relevant application inputs.
02
Product Selection
ENT Safety Light Curtain Model Selector
Narrow the ENT safety light curtain range by resolution, operating distance and protection height to identify suitable standard model configurations for further review.